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Mathematical Experiments with African Sona Designs

The sona designs of the Chokwe people of Angola/Congo are a particularly attractive form of “mirror curves,” which can be visualized as a curve drawn through a lattice of dots, bouncing off the edges of the lattice and off “mirrors” placed between some of those dots. Most such designs are drawn as a single, uninterrupted line, and most contain symmetries of some type. The mathematics of the des...

Strip Symmetry Groups of African Sona Designs

The sona drawings of the Chokwe people of Angola/Congo are continuous one-line drawings, generally made in the sand, that are often used to build highly symmetric one-line drawings. A large class of these drawings can be viewed as a form of “mirror curves,” visualizable as a curve bouncing through an arrangement of dots, bouncing off “mirrors” placed between some of the dots, and leaving a symm...

07 TUR-P-c_04 LORD_c

Objectives: To assess the BMI, life-style, and healthy status, and explore relationships between these parameters, among Menorca’s free living elderly people. Methods: A cross-sectional survey carried out in Menorca Island in 2009. A random sample (n=450) of the elderly population (≥65 years) was interviewed. Anthropometric measurements and a general questionnaire incorporating questions relate...

Technique of TUR of Bladder Tumours: Value of Repeat TUR and Random Biopsies

Of all the patients who present with bladder cancer, approximately 75–85% present with disease confined to the mucosa (stage Tis carcinoma in situ [CIS] or stage Ta) or submucosa (stage T1). These groups of bladder cancer are referred to as non–muscleinvasive or superficial bladder cancer, in contrast with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (stage T2, or advanced stage T3–T4). These anatomic classi...

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